You’re on the ACX signup page, cursor hovering, and you’re staring at two options: Author or Listener. It sounds simple enough until you actually stop and think about it. Are you an author if you’re a narrator? What if you’re a producer who doesn’t own the rights to the book? What if you want to do both — publish content and listen to finished audiobooks? The confusion is real, and it’s not your fault. ACX doesn’t exactly hand you a roadmap at that moment.
Here’s why it matters more than you’d think: pick the wrong registration type and you’ll either find yourself locked out of the publishing tools you need, or you’ll spend time digging through settings wondering why certain features don’t exist in your account. This isn’t a preference you can casually flip later without friction.
Quick answer: Choose Author registration on ACX if you plan to publish, produce, or sell content — this includes audiobook producers, narrators, rights holders, and podcast creators who want to list titles, negotiate royalty terms, or access content publishing tools. Choose Listener (also called Subscriber registration) if you’re purely there to consume content as an audience member, with no intention of uploading or managing titles. The single decision criterion is simple: are you creating or consuming? If your goal touches copyright registration, dual registration across roles, or anything involving platform-specific fees and distribution, Author registration is your path. If you just want to browse and listen, Listener registration is all you need.
The rest of this article breaks down exactly what each account type gives you, where the lines blur for people wearing multiple hats, and how to make the right call based on where you actually want to go with your content.
Author vs Listener Registration — Quick Answer at a Glance
If you’re in a hurry, here’s the short version: Author registration on ACX is for people who own content rights. Listener registration is for everyone else who just wants to consume audiobooks.

That’s it. That’s the whole distinction.
But the reason it matters goes deeper than a checkbox at signup. The account type you choose determines what you can actually do on the platform — publish, produce, negotiate royalty terms, or simply listen. Pick the wrong one and you’ll hit walls fast.
ACX is built for two fundamentally different audiences. A rights holder — say, a book author, a publisher, or a podcast creator who owns their audio IP — needs Author registration because that’s what gives you access to the production side of the platform. You can post your title, browse narrators, set royalty-share or pay-per-finished-hour deals, and eventually push your finished audiobook to Audible, Amazon, and iTunes.
A listener account gets you none of that. It’s consumption only.
There’s also a middle tier worth knowing: Subscriber registration, which applies to audiobook producers and narrators who want to audition for projects without owning the source rights. This isn’t the same as Author registration, and conflating the two causes real problems — especially around copyright registration and who controls the final distribution rights.
| Feature / Question | Author Registration | Listener Registration |
|---|---|---|
| Who it’s for | Rights holders, publishers, podcast creators | Casual audiobook consumers |
| Can publish titles on ACX | Yes | No |
| Can negotiate royalty terms | Yes | No |
| Access to narrator marketplace | Yes | No |
| Platform-specific fees apply | Yes, depending on deal type | No |
| Dual registration possible | Yes, with a separate account | N/A |
| Copyright stays with you | Yes, if you hold the rights | Not applicable |
One thing that trips people up: Dual registration. ACX doesn’t let you merge an Author and Listener account into one login. If you want both — say, you’re an audiobook producer who also buys audiobooks regularly — you’ll need separate accounts with separate email addresses. ACX’s terms allow this, but it’s not something the platform makes obvious during signup.
If you’re creating, producing, or distributing audio content, Author registration is your only viable path. Listener registration isn’t a stepping stone — it’s a different road entirely.
What Is Author Registration and How Does It Work
Author registration on ACX is the account type designed for rights holders — meaning you own or control the copyright to the content you want to turn into an audiobook. That could be a self-published novelist, a traditional publisher, a business owner with a non-fiction manuscript, or anyone who holds the intellectual property rights to a written work.

When you register as an author (also called a rights holder on ACX), you’re positioning yourself as the person who brings a project to the platform. You’re not there to audition for work. You’re there to find narrators, manage production, and ultimately publish a finished audiobook to retail outlets like Audible, Amazon, and iTunes.
What Access Do You Get with Author Registration
The moment your author account is active, you can search ACX’s database of audiobook producers and narrators. You post a title, upload a sample excerpt for auditions, and set your basic project terms — royalty share or pay-for-production. Narrators then submit auditions directly to your project listing.
You also get access to production tracking tools. Once you’ve hired a narrator, ACX gives both parties a workspace to exchange files, request revisions (up to a set limit), and approve chapters. The rights holder side of that workspace is only visible with an author account.
Publishing access is the other big one. When production wraps and you approve the final files, your author account is what triggers the distribution process to Audible and Amazon. Listener accounts can’t initiate that step. Full stop.
There’s also the royalty terms interface. As the rights holder, you’ll see the royalty percentage breakdowns before you commit — 40% for exclusive distribution through ACX, or 25% for non-exclusive. Those numbers only show up in context during the author-side setup flow.
Advantages and Limitations of Registering as an Author
The biggest advantage is control. You own the project direction from day one. You choose who narrates, you approve or reject every produced chapter, and you decide the distribution path. No other registration type gives you that level of editorial authority on ACX.
Author registration also makes the royalty share model possible. If you don’t have upfront budget to pay a narrator out of pocket, you can split future royalties with a narrator instead. That option is only accessible to rights holders — a listener account has zero visibility into that arrangement.
For anyone running content publishing at scale — say, a publisher turning multiple titles into audio — author registration is the only path that makes sense. There’s no workaround.
Now the limitations. Author registration assumes you have something to publish. If you’re registering speculatively, hoping to browse the platform before committing a manuscript, the registration process will still ask you to submit a title with rights ownership confirmed. You’re not just signing up for a content account — you’re declaring ownership of a specific work.
Copyright registration or clear licensing documentation matters here more than most people expect. ACX doesn’t do a deep legal audit during signup, but if a rights dispute surfaces later, your account — and the published title — can be pulled. So don’t register as an author with a manuscript you don’t actually control the rights to.
The other limitation worth knowing: author accounts are not designed for narrators looking for work. If you register as an author and then try to find narration gigs for other people’s projects, you’re in the wrong account type. That’s what listener or subscriber registration handles. Some people do maintain dual registration — one account as a rights holder, a separate account as a talent — and ACX does allow this, but the two accounts need to remain distinct.
What Is Listener Registration and How Does It Work
Listener registration on ACX is exactly what it sounds like — you sign up as someone who consumes audiobooks, not someone who creates or sells them. You’re not attaching a title to a narrator, not managing royalty terms, not uploading finished audio. You’re on the platform as an end listener.
The account type is sometimes called subscriber registration in other contexts, but on ACX the framing is simple: you’re a customer-facing member, not a content-publishing one. ACX is primarily a marketplace that connects rights holders with audiobook producers and narrators, so listener accounts sit at the edge of that ecosystem rather than the center of it.
Listener accounts don’t require a publisher affiliation, copyright registration, or any proof that you hold rights to a title. Setup is minimal — email, basic details, done.
What Benefits Do You Get with Listener Registration
The main draw is access to finished audiobooks. You can browse the ACX catalog, purchase titles, and listen without ever touching the production side of the platform.
If you already use Audible, there’s a fair amount of overlap. ACX and Audible are both Amazon properties, so your listener account can connect to Audible purchases you’ve already made. That continuity matters if you’re already deep into a series or have credits sitting in your account.
For podcast creators or hobbyist audio consumers who want to explore how ACX titles are structured before deciding whether to register as an author, listener access gives you a low-stakes way to study the finished product. You can hear how narrators pace a chapter, how producers handle long-form content — useful reference material if you’re considering dual registration later.
That’s about the extent of it. Listener registration isn’t built for people who want to make anything on the platform.
Advantages and Limitations of Registering as a Listener
The obvious advantage is zero friction. No contract review, no royalty term decisions, no platform-specific fees attached to production agreements. You’re in within minutes.
It’s also risk-free in the financial sense. You’re not committing to a revenue share with a narrator or agreeing to exclusivity windows. If you’re still figuring out whether ACX is the right fit for your project, starting as a listener costs you nothing but time.
That said, the limitations are real and fairly hard.
You cannot submit a manuscript. You cannot contact an audiobook producer or narrator through the ACX marketplace. You have no access to the rights holder dashboard, no ability to set royalty terms, and no path to distributing a finished title on Audible or iTunes through ACX. Listener accounts are read-only from a production standpoint.
If you’re a podcast creator hoping to repurpose audio content through ACX, listener registration won’t get you there — you’d need author registration to even start that conversation. Same goes for anyone managing a back catalog of titles. The listener account simply doesn’t have the permissions.
Some people register as listeners first, then attempt to upgrade or open a second account as an author. ACX allows dual registration in some cases, but it’s not always clean. Platform policies around this shift occasionally, and having two accounts tied to the same email can create access headaches. If you already know you want to publish, skip the listener account and go straight to author registration. The listener benefits don’t disappear — you can still purchase and consume titles through an author account.
Author vs Listener Registration — Key Differences (With Comparison Table)
The gap between these two account types is bigger than most people expect. It’s not just a label difference. It determines what you can do on ACX, what fees apply, and whether you can ever monetize your content at all.
Here’s a clean breakdown of how they differ across the things that actually matter.
| Feature / Consideration | Author Registration | Listener Registration |
|---|---|---|
| Can publish audiobook projects | Yes | No |
| Can hire a narrator or producer | Yes | No |
| Can receive royalty payments | Yes | No |
| Royalty terms eligibility | Full (royalty share or flat fee) | None |
| Must hold copyright or publishing rights | Yes | Not required |
| Access to audiobook production tools | Full | None |
| Can browse and listen to finished titles | Limited | Yes |
| Platform-specific fees apply | Yes (distribution fees via ACX) | No |
| Suited for podcast creators | No | No — ACX is audiobook-specific |
| Dual registration possible | Yes, as narrator/rights holder | Only by upgrading account type |
| Copyright registration required upfront | No, but rights proof may be needed | Not applicable |
A few things worth unpacking from that table.
Rights holder access. Author registration on ACX requires you to be a rights holder — meaning you either wrote the book, own the publishing rights, or have a licensing agreement that gives you authority to produce and distribute it. You’re not just uploading a file. You’re asserting legal ownership. Listener registration has none of that friction because listener accounts can’t publish anything.
Royalty terms only apply to one side. If you want a revenue split with a narrator, that’s a royalty share arrangement. That option only exists within the author/rights holder path. A subscriber registration or listener-type account has no mechanism for that. The money flows — or doesn’t flow — entirely based on which account type you hold.
Narrator and audiobook producer access. Authors can browse narrator profiles, audition voice talent, and negotiate flat fee or royalty share contracts. This entire workflow is locked out for listener accounts. If you’re a narrator yourself looking to produce your own titles, you’d need to register as an author (specifically as a rights holder) rather than coming in through the listener side.
Platform-specific fees. Author accounts on ACX are subject to distribution fees and exclusivity arrangements with Audible and Amazon. Listener accounts have no such fees. It sounds like an advantage for listeners — and it is, but only because listeners aren’t actually publishing anything. The fee structure exists because authors are using ACX as a commercial distribution platform.
Content publishing access. This is the clearest dividing line. Author registration is a content publishing account. Listener registration is a content consumption account. Those aren’t interchangeable, and ACX doesn’t blur that line.
One thing people sometimes miss: dual registration isn’t a standard feature you select at signup. If you start as a listener and later want to produce audiobooks, you’d need to switch or create a new account with the appropriate rights holder credentials. Starting on the wrong side costs you time.
Which One Should You Choose — A Step-by-Step Decision Guide
The honest answer depends on one thing: what you actually plan to do on ACX.

Not what you might do someday. Not what sounds impressive. What you’re doing right now, or in the next 90 days. Start there.
Do You Want to Create Content? (The Author Route)
If you’re producing audiobooks — whether you’re the rights holder, an audiobook producer, or a narrator working with authors — Author registration is your only real option.
ACX is built for content publishing. The Author side of the platform is where you post titles, negotiate royalty terms, connect with narrators, and ultimately distribute finished audiobooks to Audible, Amazon, and iTunes. None of that is available to a Listener account.
A few scenarios where this is the clear call:
- You’ve written a book and you want it produced as an audiobook
- You’re a narrator looking to audition for projects and get paid
- You’re an audiobook producer managing multiple titles on behalf of rights holders
- You hold copyright registration for your work and want to monetize it through Audible’s distribution network
One thing people miss: Author registration also covers narrators. ACX uses “Author” as a catch-all for anyone on the production side. So if you’re a voice artist, don’t let the label confuse you — this is your route.
Platform-specific fees and royalty splits are tied to contracts made through Author accounts. Royalty share agreements, for instance, are only negotiable between parties who’ve both gone through the content-creation registration path.
If you’re making anything, register as an Author.
Do You Just Want to Enjoy Content? (The Listener Route)
Listener registration — sometimes called Subscriber registration in Audible’s broader ecosystem — is for people who want to buy, download, and listen. That’s it.
No contracts. No royalty terms. No production workflow.
If you’re a podcast creator, a reader, or someone exploring audiobooks purely as a consumer, this is perfectly fine. You get access to Audible’s catalog, membership credits, and the standard listening experience.
What you don’t get: any ability to publish content, post a title for production, or enter into agreements with narrators. The platform simply doesn’t surface those tools to Listener accounts.
So if someone’s telling you “just sign up for ACX and upload your book” — you need an Author account, not a Listener one. Signing up as a Listener and then wondering why you can’t post a title is a common and easily avoided mistake.
Do You Want to Do Both? (The Possibility of Dual Registration)
This is where it gets slightly more nuanced.
ACX doesn’t officially encourage dual registration, but it’s technically possible to hold both an Audible listener account and an ACX Author account, since they operate on different parts of Amazon’s infrastructure. Many people who produce audiobooks are also regular Audible subscribers — they listen to other people’s work and produce their own.
Here’s the practical reality:
| Your situation | Better choice |
|---|---|
| Only want to listen to audiobooks | Listener / Subscriber account |
| Only want to produce or narrate | Author registration on ACX |
| Want to produce AND listen as a consumer | Author account on ACX + separate Audible membership |
| Unsure — exploring the platform | Start with Author if there’s any chance you’ll publish |
The accounts serve genuinely different purposes, and the tools don’t overlap. Your Audible listening history doesn’t affect your ACX publishing dashboard, and vice versa.
One thing worth flagging: if you already have an Amazon account, ACX will likely prompt you to connect it during Author registration. This doesn’t turn your Audible listening account into a production account. They stay separate.
If you’re even slightly considering creating content — even one title, even experimenting with narration — register as an Author from the start. Switching later or trying to merge account types creates friction you don’t need.
Platform-Specific Registration: Fees, Terms, and Copyright Considerations
ACX Registration Fees and Royalty Terms
ACX doesn’t charge you to create an account. Registration is free whether you sign up as a rights holder (the author side) or as a producer/narrator. The costs come later, and they come in the form of royalty splits — not upfront fees.

Here’s how that actually breaks down.
If you’re a rights holder using ACX to connect with a narrator or audiobook producer, you’ll agree to one of two royalty structures before production starts. The first is an exclusive distribution deal through Audible, Amazon, and iTunes, which gives the narrator a 20% royalty and you, the rights holder, 40% of net sales. The platform takes the rest. The second option is non-exclusive distribution, where your audiobook can sell on other platforms too — but your royalty rate drops to 25%.
That’s not a typo. Going exclusive on ACX pays you more per sale. For most authors, that tradeoff makes sense, especially for a debut audiobook with no existing audience on niche platforms.
There’s also a royalty share model specifically for rights holders who can’t pay a narrator upfront. Under this arrangement, you and the narrator split the author’s 40% royalty 50/50. No cash changes hands before production. It sounds appealing, but experienced narrators often avoid it unless the book has strong commercial potential — keep that in mind when you’re recruiting.
The ACX bounty program is worth knowing about too. When a listener signs up for an Audible membership specifically because they found your audiobook, ACX pays a one-time bounty (historically $75 in the US) split between you and the narrator. This program changes periodically, so check the current ACX terms page directly rather than relying on third-party guides.
One thing that surprises new rights holders: ACX requires a seven-year exclusivity commitment if you go the exclusive route. That’s a long time. If you later want to distribute through platforms like Findaway Voices or directly to libraries via OverDrive, you’re locked out for that window.
Listener or subscriber registration on ACX doesn’t involve any of this. You’re not entering royalty agreements. You’re not publishing anything. The platform treats listener accounts entirely separately from content publishing accounts, so none of these fee structures apply to you.
| Distribution Type | Your Royalty Rate | Narrator’s Share | Exclusivity Required |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACX Exclusive | 40% of net sales | 20% of net sales | Yes, 7 years |
| ACX Non-Exclusive | 25% of net sales | Not fixed | No |
| Royalty Share (Exclusive) | 20% of net sales | 20% of net sales | Yes, 7 years |
Copyright Registration and Authorship — What You Need to Know as a Creator
ACX author (rights holder) registration assumes you already own the rights to the book you’re listing. The platform doesn’t verify this before you sign up — but if you list a title you don’t have rights to, you’re exposed legally, and ACX can remove your account.
Copyright registration is separate from your ACX account entirely. In the US, copyright in an original work exists the moment you create it. But registering that copyright with the US Copyright Office (copyright.gov) gives you legal standing to sue for statutory damages if someone infringes your work. Without registration, you can still sue — but only for actual damages, which are often hard to prove and rarely worth the legal cost.
For audiobook producers and narrators, the situation is more nuanced. A narrator’s performance is a separate copyrightable work from the underlying text. If you’re a narrator signing an ACX contract, read that contract carefully. Most standard ACX agreements assign the performance rights to the rights holder as a work-for-hire. That means once you’re paid (or once the royalty share agreement is signed), you typically don’t retain rights to that recording.
Podcast creators using ACX or similar platforms face a different question. If you’re distributing original spoken-word content — not a book adaptation — you’re the rights holder by default. Dual registration (holding both author and listener accounts) is technically possible on some platforms, but ACX doesn’t really support a “podcast creator” pathway the same way it handles audiobooks. If that’s your use case, ACX author registration probably isn’t the right fit.
A few practical points worth keeping straight:
- Your copyright exists at creation. Platform registration doesn’t create or transfer it.
- ACX author registration grants ACX distribution rights, not copyright ownership over your content.
- Registering with the Copyright Office before or within three months of publication protects your ability to claim statutory damages and attorney’s fees in infringement cases.
- If you’re adapting someone else’s work, get a written license before listing it on ACX. The platform requires confirmation that you hold the rights, and disputes get complicated fast.
None of this applies if you’re a listener. Subscriber registration doesn’t touch authorship, copyright, or royalty terms at all. You’re consuming content, not publishing it — the legal layer simply doesn’t exist on that side of the registration wall.
Common Mistakes and Things to Keep in Mind
A lot of people get tripped up here — not because the registration process is hard, but because they assume one choice covers everything it doesn’t.

Treating Listener Registration as a Stepping Stone
This is probably the most common one. Someone signs up as a listener on ACX, plans to “upgrade later,” and then discovers there’s no simple upgrade path. The accounts serve different functions. If you’re a rights holder or narrator who started as a listener out of curiosity, you’ll likely need to create a separate author registration anyway. Don’t burn your primary email address on a listener account if you know you’re here to publish.
Assuming Dual Registration Solves the Problem
Yes, dual registration exists. No, it’s not always the cleanest solution. Running two separate ACX accounts under one email can create confusion around royalty terms, payment routing, and which account holds which contract. If you go this route, keep meticulous records of which projects live under which registration. Mix them up and you’ll be chasing an audiobook producer or narrator’s rights holder agreement across two inboxes.
Skipping Copyright Registration Before You Upload
Your manuscript doesn’t need to be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office to sell on ACX — but if a dispute comes up later, having a copyright registration timestamp matters a lot. Authors who skip this step and later find their content republished without permission have very little to stand on. It’s a one-time cost. Do it before your audiobook goes live, not after something goes wrong.
Getting Subscriber Registration Confused With Author Registration
Some creators come from podcast or content publishing backgrounds where “subscriber registration” is its own thing — email lists, RSS feeds, Patreon tiers. On ACX specifically, that framing doesn’t apply. There’s no subscriber registration in the same sense. If you’re a podcast creator thinking about moving into audiobook territory, the author registration is your path. Don’t over-complicate it looking for an in-between option that doesn’t exist on this platform.
Ignoring Platform-Specific Fees Until It’s Too Late
ACX’s royalty share structure looks attractive upfront. But royalty share agreements lock you into exclusivity for seven years. That’s a long time. If you’re evaluating platform-specific fees or comparing royalty terms across distribution options, factor in what exclusivity actually costs you in lost flexibility — not just what you earn per sale. Run the numbers before you sign, not after your first book is already tied up.
Not Reading the Fine Print on What “Author” Actually Means on ACX
ACX uses “rights holder” language more than “author” in many of its contracts. If you’re an author who also holds the rights — fine, you’re covered. But if you’ve assigned your audio rights to a publisher, you may not qualify for author registration the way you’d expect. Check your publishing contract before you register. An audiobook producer or narrator discovering mid-project that the person who hired them doesn’t actually control the audio rights is a nightmare for everyone involved.
Registering Too Quickly Without a Clear Content Goal
Five minutes of thinking upfront saves weeks of account headaches later. Are you here to find a narrator? Produce your own content? Just listen? The registration type you choose should follow directly from that answer — not from what sounds most impressive or what a YouTube tutorial defaulted to showing.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can I register as both an author and a listener on ACX?
Yes. Dual registration is allowed on ACX. You can hold both account types under the same email or separate logins. This is useful if you produce your own audiobooks but also want to browse titles as a narrator for hire. Just keep your roles organized — mixing up which account you submit projects from can create royalty term confusion down the line.
Does listener registration cost anything?
No. Listener registration (sometimes called subscriber registration) is free. You’re not paying platform-specific fees to browse, sample, or wishlist audiobooks. Costs only come into play if you’re an audiobook producer, rights holder, or narrator managing production contracts.
I’m a podcast creator — which registration applies to me?
Neither fits perfectly, honestly. ACX is built around audiobook production, not podcasting. If you’re distributing podcast content through ACX-adjacent services, you’d likely look at author registration as the closest match — but verify the platform’s content publishing rules first. For straight podcast distribution, ACX probably isn’t your platform.
Do I need copyright registration before signing up as an author?
Not to create your ACX account. But copyright registration for your manuscript is strongly recommended before you list a title. If a dispute ever arises over your content, having formal copyright documentation protects your royalty terms and your rights as a rights holder. Don’t skip it just because ACX doesn’t require it upfront.
What happens to my royalty terms if I choose the wrong registration type?
If you accidentally register as a listener when you meant to publish, you won’t have access to the contracts and royalty agreements at all — so you’d just be locked out rather than locked into bad terms. The bigger risk is authors misreading royalty split options during project setup, not the account type itself. Read every contract line before you confirm.
Can a narrator use author registration?
Yes, and many do. A narrator who also owns the rights to content — say, a public domain title they’ve adapted — can register as an author and act as both rights holder and audiobook producer. If you’re purely a narrator for hire, listener or standard narrator registration is the more straightforward route.
Is there a way to switch registration types later?
ACX does allow you to update your account settings and add roles over time. It’s not a permanent lock-in. That said, changing your primary role mid-project can complicate active contracts, so it’s cleaner to start with the right type rather than fix it afterward.
How does registration type affect content publishing access?
Author registration gives you the tools to upload manuscripts, set royalty terms, approve narrators, and push finished titles through to distribution. Listener registration gives you none of that. If content publishing is your goal, author registration isn’t optional — it’s the only path that gets you there.
Conclusion — Which Choice Is Right for You
The short version: if you’re creating content — writing books, producing audiobooks, or recording narration — you need Author registration on ACX. Full stop. Listener registration won’t give you access to the tools, contracts, or royalty terms that make publishing possible on the platform.
But the longer answer depends on what you actually want to do over time.
If you’re a rights holder sitting on a manuscript, Author registration is the only path that makes sense. You’ll be able to connect with a narrator or audiobook producer, set your royalty terms, and get your title into distribution. Listener registration just locks you out of all that.
If you’re a narrator building a career, same deal — Author registration (specifically the producer/narrator side of it) is where your work happens. You browse titles, submit auditions, negotiate rates, and sign contracts. None of that exists on the Listener side.
Now, what about dual registration? Some people try to hold both roles — rights holder and narrator — on the same ACX account. That’s possible, and ACX does support it. Just be careful about how your copyright registration and rights documentation line up before you start attaching projects to your account. Mixing roles without clean paperwork creates headaches later.
Subscriber registration or Listener-only accounts are fine if your goal is purely consumption — following audiobooks, supporting creators, staying in the loop. There’s nothing wrong with that. It’s just a completely different purpose.
The platform-specific fees, royalty split structures, and content publishing rules on ACX are built around the Author registration framework. That’s where the real terms live. Listener accounts don’t interact with any of that.
So ask yourself one question: am I here to make something, or just to listen to it? Your answer tells you exactly which registration to pick.
